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Solomon ibn Gabirol (alt. Solomon ben Judah) ((ヘブライ語:שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירול), ; (アラビア語:أبوأيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرول), ) was an 11th-century Andalusian poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neo-Platonic bent. He published over a hundred poems, as well as works of biblical exegesis, philosophy, ethics.〔 and satire.〔 One source credits Ibn Gabirol with creating a golem,〔 possibly female, for household chores.〔 In the 19th century it was discovered that medieval translators had Latinized Gabirol's name to Avicebron and had translated his work on Jewish Neo-Platonic philosophy into a Latin form that had in the intervening centuries been highly regarded as a work of Islamic or Christian scholarship.〔〔 As such, Ibn Gabirol is well known in the history of philosophy for the doctrine that all things, including soul and intellect, are composed of matter and form (“Universal Hylomorphism”), and for his emphasis on Divine Will.〔 ==Biography== Little is known of Gabirol's life, and some sources give contradictory information.〔 Sources agree that he was born in Málaga, but are unclear whether in late 1021 or early 1022 CE.〔 The year of his death is a matter of dispute, with conflicting accounts having him dying either before age 30 or by age 48.〔 Gabirol lived a life of material comfort, never having to work to sustain himself, but he lived a difficult and love-less life, suffering ill-health, misfortunes, fickle friendships, and powerful enemies.〔 From his teenage years, he suffered from some disease, possibly tuberculosis of the skin,〔 that would leave him embittered and in constant pain.〔 He indicates in his poems that he considered himself short and ugly.〔 Of his personality, Moses Ibn Ezra wrote: "his irascible temperament dominated his intellect, nor could he rein the demon that was within himself. It came easily to him to lampoon the great, with salvo upon salvo of mockery and sarcasm"〔 He has been described summarily as "a social misfit"〔 Gabirol's writings indicate that his father was a prominent figure in Cordova, but was forced to relocate to Malaga during a political crisis in 1013 CE.〔 Gabirol's parents died while he was a child, leaving him an orphan with no siblings or close relatives.〔 He was befriended, supported and protected by a prominent political figure of the time, Yekutiel Ibn Hassan al-Mutawakkil Ibn Qabrun,〔 and moved to Saragossa, then an important center of Jewish culture.〔 Gabirol's anti-social〔 temperament, occasionally boastful poetry, and sharp wit earned him powerful enemies, but as long as Jekuthiel lived, Gabirol remained safe from them〔 and he was able to freely immerse himself in study of the Talmud, grammar, geometry, astronomy, and philosophy.〔 However, when Gabirol was seventeen years old, his benefactor was assassinated as the result of a political conspiracy, and by 1045 Gabirol found himself compelled to leave Saragossa.〔〔 He was then sponsored by no less than the grand vizier and top general to the kings of Granada, Shmuel HaNaggid.〔 Gabirol made Shmuel HaNaggid an object of praise in his poetry until an estrangement arose between them and he became the butt of Gabirol's bitterest irony. It seems Gabirol never married,〔 and that he spent the remainder of his life wandering.〔 Gabirol had become an accomplished poet and philosopher at an early age: * By age 17, he had composed five of his known poems, one an azhara ("I am the master, and Song is my slave"〔) enumerating all 613 biblical commandments.〔 * At age 17, he composed a 200-verse elegy for his friend Yekutiel.,〔 and four other notable elegies to mourn the death of Hai Gaon.〔 * By age 19, he had composed a 400-verse alphabetical and acrostic poem teaching the rules of Hebrew grammar.〔 * By age 23〔 or 25,〔〔 he had composed, in Arabic, "Improvement of the Moral Qualities" ("כתאב אצלאח אלאכלאק", lit. (ヘブライ語:תקון מדות הנפש)), translated into Hebrew by Judah ibn Tibbon〔 * At around age 25,〔 or not,〔 he may have composed his collection of proverbs ''Mivchar Pninim'' (lit. "Choice of Pearls"), although scholars are divided on his authorship.〔 * At around age 28,〔 or not,〔 he composed his philosophical work ''Fons Vitæ''.〔 As mentioned above, the conflicting accounts of Gabirol's death have him dying either before age 30 or by age 48.〔 The opinion of earliest death, that he died before age 30, is believed to be based upon a mis-reading of medieval sources.〔 The remaining two opinions are that he died either in 1069 or 1070,〔 or around 1058 in Valencia.〔〔 As to the circumstances of his death, one legend claims that he was trampled to death by an Arab horseman.〔 A second legend〔 relates that he was murdered by a Muslim poet who was jealous of Gabirol's poetic gifts, and who secretly buried him beneath the roots of a fig tree. The tree bore fruit in abundant quantity and of extraordinary sweetness. Its uniqueness excited attention and provoked an investigation. The resulting inspection of the tree uncovered Gabirol's remains, and led to the identification and execution of the murderer. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Solomon ibn Gabirol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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